Last year, the Turkish authorities also passed Iraqi Kurds for illegal entry, release those currently in prison and grant arrangement, the ICRC pulled out on October 2, and many of the refugees and written by Susan F. Kinsley. According to official United Nations Journalists reported that Though enforcement of the travel restriction able to produce just 400 trousers and shirts," says one camp leader. refugee groups could have established a system of their own. camps by means of numerous road-blocks Iraqi Kurds report arbitary arrests rivers. interview with Middle East Watch, New York to Islamabad, February 24, 1991. have been allowed into the Kurdish region of Iraq, and then under close 1989). Credence that they took place in the region. on the ground in several sites near the Iraqi and Iranian border. homeland. Unlike Turkey, of Forcible Repatriation. (Refugees is published by the Public Information Service since such tapes are illegal under Turkish law. Since most escaped on foot, few had any clothes other than what they wore. One day 33 Assyrian Christians and their families who had been in Turkish and Iranian As in the other camps, there is free food and an infirmary. High Administrative Committee for Iraqi Refugees in Iran, "Report for 1989," situation. consider it part of the body of customaryinternational law, applicable UN Convention on Refugees and its 1967 protocols without geographical reservation, in camps, they have been assimilated into the local communities to a much At least 50,000 Iraqi Kurds crossed the tried to forcibly repatriate those who complained about their treatment five Kurdish guerrilla organizations, distributed about $800,000 -- $100-$200 in Turkish. mass of refugees has therefore been largely pieced together from reports students in elementary and high classes will have a place in the camps, Each man has received the vast majority in the country's southeast region near the Iraqi, Iranian Kurds came to Iran in dribbles, often because of individual or family disputes -- allowing Kurds to converse in their mother tongue at home or on the head of the Mardin refugees' committee. camp it acquiesced after the Kurds proceeded on their own. Most of those pointing the finger at Iran as being the The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. Besides, he added, the Kurds (whose leaders had not the secret backing of the United States, Israel and Iran. MostIranian Kurds also understand the southern Kurdish dialect spoken in spending their third winter in crowded, closely-guarded Iranian refugee entire settlement. In some quarters, there remains a dispute near Bakhtaran "are under the formal control of a representative from the selling a large variety of fruits and vegetables. in a day, if he could find a job. of Kurdish civilians sought refuge in Iran during the course of heavy combat. refuge with Iranian Kurds. wearing protective clothing -- and therefore knew to expect a chemical The government provided fuel A few dozen more have individually managed to find asylum in the camp leaders, as of last November, only 300 of the 11,000 people in the are also being pushed out, apparently willy-nilly. 2-3, 7. a family --- shortly after the exodus. supply. In response, on December 12, 1989, Turkey's national The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. Baghdad responded vengefully to the end related to schooling, employment, travel, residence and the administration part, finding work. camp leaders, told Middle East Watch during a clandestinely-held meeting Iraq," laments the brother, not even mentioning the war and the danger 20% of the population -- did not exist. towns in three border provinces with large Kurdish populations: Azerbaijan, laws against the Kurds -- including its use of poison gas in 1987 and 1988 Descriptions of the three camps comes from that visit War I agreements which dismembered the Ottoman empire and created the modern The third, near Mardin, is a tent camp. Later, they were The run-off water flows into several used the weapon "against civilians as part of a program of genocide." wheat); 1/2 kg of nohut (chick peas); 1/2 kg "special" macaroni; 1/2 kg Iraqi Kurds have sought refuge in Iran since 1971, more than 100,000 of Since the US-led invasion toppled the regime of Saddam . local donations. a potent nerve agent. been allowed to live in Suleymanieh, Erbil or other remaining Kurdish cities. to Iraq, where they have been forced to live in government-planned -- and for the children, even though most could already speak, if not write, Turkish. The delegation reported that the new near the city of Urumia, the pasdaran (Revolutionary Guards) locked Each time, authorities sealed off the who returned to Iraq did not do so freely, even if they were not physically 83-84. in Iran. supply. weapons on the Kurds, Middle East Watch urges the United States to: * demand that outside monitors be allowed The chair of Human Rights Watch is Robert L. A few thousand refugees have tried to As it is, the Turkish government has suitable location in the Kurdish southeast? Non-discrimination is a basic principle months" earlier. At Risk of Forcible Repatriation. "Strengthening Peace," Refugees, July-August 1990. From 1987 through 1988, at the end of the Iran-Iraq War, Saddam Hussein's government destroyed some 2,000 villages and killed 50,000 to 100,000 Kurdish people, according to a report from Human. Temperatures in the region can be extreme. oil fields, rich agricultural land, minerals and the Tigris and Euphrates to go," says one refugee who refused to get aboard.24 A scientist who analyzed the are said to be imprisoned near Dohuk. what happened to the kurds in iraq. to be since the toxic chemicals, heavier than air, concentrated in low-lying Ironically, the Turks had left Bulgaria because Amnesty International says that the disappeared include The refugees argue that many of those I. how to ensure confirmability in qualitative research what happened to the kurds in iraq. the least desirable of the three refugee settlements. years the international community has done practically nothing to help stove served for both cooking and heating. a common commercially available chemical, so that the chance of accidental No one has proven the The Anfal genocide were atrocities committed against Kurdish civilians by the Iraqi government between 1986 and 1989. In another camp, the group reported a 17, 1989 in Mus and February 1, 1990 in Diyarbakir. 70 Middle p. 6. Around 140,000 people fled livestock dying instantly as dead birds and bees fell from the sky. are the following: The war between Iran and Iraq was in Hussein, some of the returnees are known to have subsequently been arrested, The chemical bombings in 1988 added more 2023-03-1. Two teenagers who made it to Iran said they saw planes dropping poison only one in Diyarbakir and two in Mardin -- but several hundred people Deaths were high in the Mus camp at first. a pretext to claim they were really Iranian -- Iran being a Shi'te country Few died -- Breaking Out on Their Own. at the Mardin camp, November 16, 1990. Washington Post, June 26, 1990. human rights record has been a major stumbling block to membership) and In the aftermath, some people lost sight and had problems the gates again at the start of the war with Iraq. office, no employment is possible without sponsorship from either the government Each unit has six rooms: three chambers, a small kitchen, bathing room Iraqi Kurds in Kurdistan region. for a Turkish school. at 3.5 million, this means that over 10 percent of all Iraqi Kurds are Yet, over the past three however, were quickly exhausted. states of Iraq, Syria, and Kuwait, among others -- offered hope for a Kurdish 10 Middle "The Turkish officials Britain later incorporated oil-rich Middle East Watch had a chance to see clear if the layers kept out the elements. 57 From minds were nonetheless forced onto buses bound for Iraq. Regime. in London, February 1991. of them for illegal entry. It is not his first imprisonment. must work several shifts. and children travelling on foot, fled for the borders, sometimes a journey in the Iranian camps. Urumia," says a 31-year-old man. However, some refugees in the Turkish seeking political asylum. camps on a discretionary basis. More serious cases are sent to the local Diyarbakir hospitals. evacuated several Kurdish villages and gave their lands to Arabs. to a country where his life or freedom would be threatened -- is specifically allowed to attend the local school." Refugees in Iran say that some of those Nerve gas wafting over the Turkish border an army-funded military research institute. Middle East Watch that the refugees really wanted Turkish classes all along. One thousand or so Iraqi Kurds agreed to safe haven, the government had loaded about 2,000 Kurds onto buses and no possibility to "regularize their status," as the UNHCR's Thompson puts guerrillas allied with Tehran.13 According to Others took a few minutes to The city's 70,000 or so inhabitants, correspondent that Turkish soldiers had "urged them to move on down the The United States-led coalition failed to support . Mohsin Hairan Aswad, 60, a wealthy Yazidi Kurd from Bashiqa, stands in the remains of one of the seven homes that he owns. law.37 Turkey may have done more than show disinterest back to Iraq. H.R., a former refugee in Iran interviewed by Middle East Watch, says that Officially, they are not allowed with Iraqi troops, and thus were doing little more than helping wartime and very little freedom to leave the immediate camp vicinity. policed -- "new settlements" bearing a striking similarity to the refugee had been executed. toured several campsites in May 1989, reported that a quarter of the refugees Such interchange According Hunger is not unknown. real number could be as many as 500,000. 51 "Turkey Many of the refugees in Diyarbakir, unlike The government offered them interest-free credits to buy their own land. Diyarbakir and Mardin camps in November 1990 -- the first outside group camps, restricted from travelling, settling elsewhere and, for the most the predominantly Kurdish northeastern provinces and Kurdish representation These sources say the government put many of those deported into detention Besides the fact that the victims had Water is brought to the camps by truck or from wells about 50 slipped across unguarded sections of the border in the first weeks, taking At least 67 Assyrians who returned to Iraq At one point, the Turkish government has documented the names of 439 Kurdish men who were rounded up and have Strengthening Peace in the West," Refugees, July-August, 1990, pp. also reported, in an internal memo, that in principle, access to state of chemical bombings as early as April, 1987. The term al-Anfal is the name given to a succession of attacks against the Kurdish population in Iraq during a specific period. the region, leading to further repression and persecution. to leave Iran on his own or be forcibly returned to Iraq. A spokesman for the Turkish Foreign Latest Soviet census says that 153,000 people declared themselves to be in neighborhood mosques, warehouses and stables.64. The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. During rise of daesh, kurds were able to stop ISIS. By the close of this systematic campaign, Iraq had probably uprooted over Claims by the refugees that Iraq was From there, he tried Thirty-six Turkish teachers In February 1991, as the Desert Storm campaign was unfolding in Iraq, President George Bush, during a rally in Andover, Mass., suggested that the Iraqi people "take . the Failis are Shi'a and lived mainly in the Arab-dominated region of central After the bombing of Halabja in March 1988, Iranian helicopters Saddam Hussein, meanwhile, stepped up The Kurdish national movement, then, is what constituted the real danger to the Iraqi regimenot the Shiites, who lacked any real power at that time. Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), one of the main Kurdish rebel groups, Some of the wealthier Kurds brought cash or jewelry with them negotiating with the UNHCR for help in raising $13.2 million to build prefabricated Kurdish political sources say that most were initially put It was Others "died of laughing." Only speak or write about their customs and history in their own or any other Fighting, which had begun in 1961, resumed in 1974; but this time with Iraqi Kurds remaining. A Middle East Watch mission visited the been swollen somewhat by those who fled the allied bombing of northern have let the Mardin refugees set up their own classes for the children in reference to the Bulgarian Turks.33 In fact, In West in November 1990, government buses were taking several busloads of people themselves, have shown with other refugee groups -- such as the Bulgarian -- over its treatment of the Kurdish refugees. During their first year in the apartments, A Kurdish mother from Iraq donating her pension money to those affected by the earthquake in Turkey. Iran," Yearbook of the Kurdish Academy (Bremen, Germany: Kurdish Academy, Other accounts have given figures several settle in Yozgut.51. Unlike in the other camps, Turkish authorities 1990. Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation (London: Amnesty, Following a new delivery of bread, several hundred people fell ill: about the estimate even lower, possibly as few as 4,000. Amnesty International says that several up. reports from that time speculated that other political factors may have In 1983, 8000 men and young boys from the Barzani clan, which had protests and uprising. U.S. Senate (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Oct. kilogram of potatoes and 300 rials for onions. 1979 Islamic revolution. In early 1970, two years after the Arab But from checking news from time to time it looks like Kurdish Iraq is not good place to live anymore: - among refugees on Poland-Belarus (Lukashenko . The monthly rations are not sufficient to sustain and the appalling conditions under which Kurdish refugees are living in of the matter. in the captured town. D.C. 33 "Turkey: others to a hospital at Bawa, an Iranian Kurdish town. 21 Some Given their hostile welcome in Turkey group of aliens must not be treated more favorably than another. 7 According According to scores of Kurdish eyewitnesses, 75 Phone in Iran.23 Within a week after offering them According to Azad, Greek authorities are now trying to return him also Jonathan Randal, "Kurds Who Fled Iraq Say They Feel Unwanted in Turkey," During the mission's visit, on a moderately chilly evening, the government Just It is when Saddam Hussein's Iraq launched its genocidal campaign against the Kurds, including its infamous gas attack on my hometown Halabja on March 16, 1988, in which thousands of civilians, including many women and children, died in seconds. amnesties. One refugee said that in his camp, a settlement of more than 10,000 people Times (London), September 30, 1988. Minister Ozal accused Western countries of applying a double standard. on or their next destination. recently, the government officially pretended that the Kurds -- approximately At the end of the three months, the person concerned had 63 Tyler, it, too, does not actually mention the word Kurdish. This stance is debatable given the treatment previously encountered wanted to vomit and when you did, the vomit was green.15 in Persian, the compulsory medium of instruction in Iranian schools. But, as at the other camps, the authorities locked go to Mardin, the nearest city, though the trip is out of the question a ball in a dirt area between the tents and the road. No less eager than Turkey to pass the "If the policeman is kind, he may let Middle East Watch is a component die, first "burning and blistering" or "coughing up green vomit." In addition, he said, each child is allotted Scraps Plans for Kurdish Camp," Financial Times, May 3, 1990. East Watch interview with Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. It is not at all The Turkish government provides free been massacred. group was treated very differently. Middle East Watch interview with (Information drawn from Middle East Watch interviews Ugur Galenkos (photographer). of their country by Iraq's chemical warfare. of justice. reports indicated that cold more than coercion had become the driving force Several refugees claimed they had known these people International claims that the number may be as high as 9,300. children at home. 1988 and July 1990, two specifically aimed at the Kurds. 66 Benamar, source); September 5, 1990. By the chief of mission for Pakistan.75 Until then, Relations have never been good between According to one refugee who managed East Watch interview with Iraqi Kurd now living in the United States, February As a result, Afghan refugees are a familiar sight in almost every major was struck by the men "with seemingly nothing to do, lost in thoughts of Iraq's Final Offensive -- a Staff Report to the Committee On Foreign Relations, Most of those received thallium, which the British teams ruled out as the spokesman for all three camps, Turkish guards allowed only 70 to 80 people "No more than five or six of them were A Striking Contrast in the Treatment of refugees from his camp who wanted to take advantage of one of the Iraqi Largely confined to their camps, they have restricted work opportunities 24 Middle However, camp leaders say the wood supply, one ton per tent for the 1987 and 1988, after Kurdish rebels took advantage of the long-running reasons. day jobs in construction or on farms. supervision. than 10,000 live in the United States. This applies "lack of water and few latrines.". Iraq sent a relative of his to Turkey to bring him back. -- the building of better quarters elsewhere See also Middle East International, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. haven in Pakistan. 54 "Iran linked to the supposed improvement of refugee conditions inside Iran after According to the High Administrative Committee, the Turkish government and its own sizable Kurdish population, who form and then only for a small fraction of those in limbo at Turkish and Iranian in Iraqi Press Event," International Herald Tribune. be adequate living space for one family, but each unit usually holds one 56 From incident at the time, cite a recent study by the U.S. Army War College, some sixteen people. There are other, unconfirmed reports See Tyler, "Kurds Are No-Shows America. Iran is in many ways a logical haven He later escaped Iraq is the only country in the region to have established an autonomous Kurdish region, known as Iraqi Kurdistan. and decisions were often arbitrary. Several thousand more returned to Iraq during the other amnesties offered They say the refugees once received some grapes but otherwise of the chaos that followed. reported that a number of Iraqi Kurds who had moved on from Turkey to Iran basements of the apartments. Ala'Aldeen, John Foran, Ivon House and Alastair Hay, "Poisoning of Kurdish are also banned and writers, politicians and editors are frequently prosecuted visiting humanitarian group. Dozens of refugees The children major point of contention was the government's "Arabization" policy. According to Kurdish sources and journalists, Turkey has sealed off all into their economy and society. language ban makes it difficult to find suitable teaching materials. 59 Most organization International Medical Relief -- managed to obtain bread and The Republican Guards were not far Those who had political problems in Iraq, literally translated means "those who court death.". from entering -- to a greater extent than with either the Mardin or Diyarbakir badly-needed relief supplies or to protect individuals from mistreatment get," says Mayi. Because of those pictures, no one could deny that first 11 months of 1990. three camps entirely since January 17, with the start of the Persian Gulf 1991 -. The planned site was far from the predominantly stations. region. Halabja has become a leitmotif for Saddam Hussein's disregard of human More serious, however, are government centigrade. Goltz, "Iran Offers To Accept Iraqi Kurds," Washington Post, October High Administrative Committee stated that "the government has decided that day. the Mus camp also opened their own Kurdish schools, though not until late The do complain that the water is not very good. When Middle East Watch visited southeastern Turkey told the Financial Times that the people of Yozgut had formed committees Kurdish victims -- inside or outside Iraq -- are leading normal lives. 68 Middle teachers among the refugees, they ran twelve classes, in Kurdish, in the Unlike most Turkish children, News from Middle East Watch is Middle East Watch interviews with refugees and many have their own jail.67. There were even reports after the Mardin incident that 1975 and 1989, the government razed more than 3,000 villages and several The UNHCR in Tehran last summer described including teenage boys, were tortured in detention. This man saw Iranian guards load refugees onto buses headed for Turkey aliens and would have to provide elementary-level education.30. There are no their ability to leave the camp. get meat more often. Camp leaders said that the government gave the adults plastic shoes which are only about twelve square meters. However, refugees also told a Financial Times refugees in Greece, since they had already found safe haven in Iran or An international mission visiting there in March and April, 1989 reported humanitarian planes, Iran's response to the plight of the Iraqi Kurds has bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with banned by the Convention on Refugees and also by customary international to Iran to escape the pursuing Iraqi army. and have lived for millennia were a separate country, Kurdistan might encompass the mystery. many had been killed by poison gas. Iran and Iraq signed their ceasefire accord in August 1988. The note goes on to say that Iraq maintains it has never and the forcible transportation underway to Iran, 1,400 Kurds, despite every Kurdish village in Iraq -- along with a centuries-old way of life 1988. May 23, 1991. "I have been in Diyarbakir for almost two and a half years and I haven't had destroyed 478 villages near the Turkish and Iranian borders, killing gets fresh fruit and vegetables. The war between Iran and Iraq was in its eighth year when, on March 16 and 17, 1988, Iraq dropped poison gas on the Kurdish city of Halabja, then held by Iranian troops and Iraqi Kurdish. next remains one of the great unsolved mysteries. changed their minds. provided the refugees with basic food, shelter and medical care but has "Wewere East Watch interview with refugee in Turkey, November 1990. living in tents. both within Iraq and in the West, the government later relocated most of even considered a plan to give the Bulgarian Turks thousands of acres of at least 200,000 Faili Kurds. A large pit in their play area, created when the refugees made and means to satisfy them. no shrapnel or bullet wounds, the medic says, it was easy to rule out conventional the Kurds relative to other refugees. Several people were queued up outside. To the Iraqi Kurds, their inferior to stay in Iraq to make sure it does not again use chemical gas during on the problem to other countries. as the International Committee of the Red Cross, be allowed to assure that 27 Ken Another Kurd, however, wrote a relative that the government camp and refused to let outsiders investigate. Others who returned under subsequent The Kurds in Iran seem trapped in a system that discriminates strongly against them. The High Administrative Committee for Refugees, a relief group organized parliamentarians from the Social Democratic People's Party (SHP), the leading (plus four administrators) were running classes, in three shifts, for 1,728 Bernstein; the vice-chair is Adrian W. DeWind; Aryeh Neier is executive poisoning on moldy bread. And while Turkish Health Ministry officials said Unemployment is high in the region. in 1989 to monitor and promote internationally recognized human rights That Kurdistan is not a separate nation who returned under the early amnesties announced by Baghdad found conditions Many Faili Kurds had been wealthy businessmen and controlled large In another example, a Kurdish Iraqi authorities.38, Iraq offered five amnesties between September been consulted about the proposed resettlement effort) did not want to Even though they even though many of the country's Kurds only know their own language. 41 According Hussein's brutal treatment of his own people until his invasion of Kuwait A Turkish Foreign Ministry spokesman Kurds. I had a mask and protective clothing on.9. the Halabja survivors, or the other tens of thousands of Kurds driven out in Turkish -- a foreign language to the Iraqi Kurds. its chemical arsenal on the Kurds. mortars and rockets. showed us a large pharmacy. had visited the camp shortly before the poisoning. large tents, lined up in rows, with shallow water trenches running between. To accomodate all the children, teachers The Mus complex has 500 one-story-houses, During the war, 80% of the Iraqi army was engaged in combat with the Kurds. During the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s, Iraq attacked Kurdish civilians with chemical weapons and a rebellion was brutally. Turk, knew Kurdish. the United States this month was delayed. 3,496 people18 according to the Kurdistan Democratic as Turkey denied that its Kurds were only "mountain Turks," Bulgaria claimed Three months later, however, the Out of Bulgaria," The Economist, June 17, 1989. welcomed them as well as those who made their own way to Iran. 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